Index to Cuban-Jewish Journeys
General Information
Author
Caroline Bettinger-Lopez
Title, publisher, year
Cuban-Jewish Journeys: Searching for Identity, Home, and History in Miami (University of Tennessee Press, 2000)
ISBN
1-57233-097-X, hardback, $40
1-57233-098-8, paper, $15
Publisher
University of Tennessee Press
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Index
[The complete index for this book appears below.]
Abramowitz, Mayer, 3-5, 23, 26, 31, 39, 86, 123, 243 n. 2, 248 n. 39. See also Temple Menorah
Adouth, Victoria, 71-72
Albert Einstein School, 229
American Jewish Committee (AJC), 7
American Red Magen David, 56
American Sephardic Federation (ASF), 80, 95
Amselem, Amram, 74
Anti-Defamation League, 65
Anti-Semitism, 82, 84-86; in Cuba, 22-23, 34, 101, 244 n. 10; in Miami, 34, 64-65
Anti-Tuberculosis Society, 47
Antonio Maceo Brigade, 83
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 234-36, 239-40
Archdiocese of Miami, 7
Areíto, 83
Ashkenazim: Eastern European/Russian, xxxiv, xxxvi, 11-12; react to Castro, 13-14; Cuban, xxxiv, 29-33; American, settle in Cuba, xxxiv-xxxv, 68; are welcomed to Temple Menorah, 29; as wealthier than Sephardim, 68, 244 n. 16; as community leaders, 52; separate from Sephardim, 37-38, 68-69; differences with Sephardim, 36-37, 140; relations with Sephardim, 188, 216; traditional gender relationships of, 129-30, 135, 140-41. See also polacos
Asociación Feminina Hebrea de Cuba, 52, 55
Aventura-Turnberry Jewish Center, 91
Bailes de las Debutantes, 54, 64
Balnearios, 57-60 (photos), 62, 64
Balseros, 98, 150, 191, 196, 199, 201-2, 204
Barrocas, Alegre, 53 (photo)
Batista, Fulgencio, xxxvii, 8-9
Becker, Alina, xxxix, 4-5
Bejarano, Margalit, 5, 22, 79, 93
Behar, Alberto, 69-70
Behar, David, 229-32, 231 (illus.)
Behar, Estrella, 229-32, 231 (illus.)
Behar, Reyna, 229-32, 231 (illus.)
Behar, Ruth, 22, 149, 245 n. 22, 249 n. 53, 252 n. 2, 254 n. 18, 256 n. 1; imagines Juba, 103-5, 147, 162
Benes, Bernardo, 3, 13, 23, 31, 44, 49, 56-57, 65, 68-69, 83-87, 248-49 n. 40, 257 n. 4; and the GMJF Meeting, 110-13, 117, 122-24
Benes, Dora, 10
Benzaquén, Abraham, 96, 233
Benzaquén, Raquel, 95-96
Betar, 78
Beyit Lepletot, 56
Bichachi, Isidoro, 79
Biniakonsky, Jacobo, 27-28
Blanco's Corner, 59
B'nai B'rith, 47, 195
Boswell, Thomas, 235
Boyarin, Daniel, 142-46, 156-58, 169, 173-74, 176, 180, 187-88, 252-53 n. 6
Boyarin, Jonathan, 142-46, 156-58, 169, 173-74, 176, 180, 187-88, 252-53 n. 6
Brothers to the Rescue, 98
Buena Voluntad, 52, 71
Bureau of Jewish Education, 47
Bush, George, 97, 250 n. 1
Butler, Judith, 209-10
Café Versailles, 117-18, 120-22, 121 (photo)
Camarioca Boatlift, 82, 150
Campa, Román de la, 150, 152
Canadian Jewish Congress, 249 n. 43
Canosa, Jorge Mas. See Cuban-American National Foundation
Carter, Jimmy, 83, 97
Casa de las Americas, 83
Casino Deportivo, 56-60. See also Balnearios
Castro, Fidel, 43; relationship to Cuban exiles, xli, 99-100, 153-55, 165-71, 196; and History Will Absolve Me, 8, 244 n. 7; ideology of, xxxvii-xxxviii, 8-9, 16, 136, 195; is compared to Hitler and Mussolini, 10; is compared to Lenin, 13; and diálogos, 65, 83-86, 248-49 n. 40; and Mariel, 87, 90; relationship of to US, 97, 99; implements change in Special Period Cuba, 151, 250 n. 1
Catholic Welfare Bureau. See Operation Peter Pan
The Cave (El Círculo), 62-63, 247 n. 26
Centro Israelita de Cuba (Hebrew Cultural Center), 12 (photo), 13, 45, 162-63, 254 n. 4
Chester, Jack, 49
Chevet Ahim, xxxviii, 44, 66-70; as model for Cuban Sephardic Congregation, 66, 80, 157, 246 n. 22, 247 n. 23, 247 n. 25
Chinese Cubans, 251 n. 12
Christianity, 143
Círculo Cubano-Hebreo (El Círculo). See Cuban-Hebrew Social Circle
Citizens for Dade United, 124
Clifford, James, 153, 155
Clinton, Bill, 98-99
El Club (Torat Moshe), 78
Club Hatikvah, 61
Cobian, Marina Esteva, 18-19
Cohen, Benjamín, 138-41, 190, 210
Cold War, 25
Columbus, Christopher, xxxv
Comité de Damas (El Círculo), 52-55, 72
Comité de los 75, 84-85. See also Bernardo Benes
Committee for Religious Activities (Cuban-Hebrew Congregation), 45, 81
Committee for Social Activities (Cuban-Hebrew Congregation), 54
Communism, 25. See also Socialism
Concilio Cubano (Cuban Council), 168, 170-71, 184, 255 n. 9, 256 n. 24
Concurso de Reina Esther. See Queen Esther Beauty Pageant
Congregación Sefaradita Cubana de Miami. See Cuban Sephardic Hebrew Congregation of Miami
Continental Bank, 84
Crypto-Jews, xxxiv, xxxvi
Cuba: as a home for Jews, xxxi-xxxviii, 145-46, 159-60, 170; early Jewish life in, xxxiv-xxxvii; used as launching pad, xxxvi, 12, 159-60; as a homeland for Cuban exiles, xxxviii, 17-21, 100-102, 153-55, 170; US foreign policy toward/influence on, xxxv, 97-100, 154; meaning of for Cuban-American Jews today, 103-5, 160, 166, 179, 216-18, 222, 253 n. 12; Cubanization Law of 1933, 22; decrees religious freedom, xxxv-xxxvi; influence of in Miami, xli, 150, 162-63, 169, 186; as a Diasporic locale, 148-49; remembered by Cuban-American artists, 150-53
Cuba Democracy Act. See Torricelli Bill
Cuban-American Committee for the Normalization of Relations with Cuba, 83
Cuban-American National Foundation, 110, 154, 211-12, 250 n. 1, 256 n. 24
Cuban Children's Program, 38. See also Operation Peter Pan and NCJW
Cuban Council. See Concilio Cubano
Cuban exiles, 7, 150, 153-54, 168, 196, 252
n. 5; receive assistance from US government and South Florida community, 24-25; relations with South Florida, 24-28; have tension with Jewish employers, 34; divide over US relations with Cuba, 83-87, 99-102, 154, 195, 248-49 n. 40, 250 n. 1; and Mariel, 87-90; distinguish themselves from "immigrants," 87-88, 194, 211, 249 n. 42; of different religions separate in Miami, 34; compare themselves with Jews, 149; portrayed by Castro as "anti-Cuban," 154-55, 255 n. 10; create models of "types" of Cubans, 169, 194. See also Diaspora, Cuban
Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel, 2 (photo), 3, 17, 20 (illus.), 37, 50 (illus.), 55 (photo), 75, 92-93 (photos), 147 (photo), 212, 238, 248 n. 34, 250 n. 6, 257 n. 4; bulletin of, 20 (illus.); General Provisions of, 39, 245 n. 6; develops name from Cuban-Hebrew Social Circle, 40; relocation to and development in current location, 49-56, 82; attempts associating more with Miami's Jews, 47-49, 55-56, 123; sponsors events reminiscent of Cuba, 56-60, 96-98 (photo), 157, 218-19, 257 n. 1; victim of vandalism/terrorism, 64-65, 85-87, 248 n. 38; has many Sephardic members, 70-71; ideological designations of, 74, 90-91; maintains focus on Cuba and US, 81, 94, 96, 218-19; receives religious objects from Cuba, 86-87; Mariel Committee, 88-89; language of, 90, 191, 249 n. 51, 254 n. 1; "Americanizes," 90-91, 94, 96, 191, 216-21, 249 n. 46; relationship to Torat Moshe, 74-77, 81, 93, 96-97; promotes jubanidad through publications, 105, 224; as representative of Latino Jews, 124; composition by member of, 144 (photo); symbolic significance of, 220-22; sponsors reencuentros, 162-63; participates in J/X, 223-28. See also Cuban-Jews
Cuban-Hebrew Social Circle: assembles Jewish Cuban exiles in South Florida, xxxviii, 17, 33-35, 36-46, 81, 123, 191, 216; receives little assistance from American Jews, 5; ideology of, 40-45, 47; "Americanizes," 47, 54-56; expands and develops, 47-60; develops educational initiatives, 47-48. See also Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami, Cuban-Jews
"Cuban invasions" of South Florida, 23-24
Cuban-Jewish Cultural Association of Havana, xxxiii
Cuban-Jews: arrive in Miami, xxxviii, xl; establish communities in US, xxxviii, 36, 104, 139; establish community in Miami Beach, 34, 39-49, 64; professions of in Cuba, 9, 68, 198; express nostalgia in Miami for Cuba, xxxviii, 17-21, 48; experience cultural isolation in Miami, 34-35, 125; change attitudes toward Miami, 48, 91, 100; view US as home, xxxviii-xxxix, 100-105, 158; lionize José Martí, xxxi-xxxiv (photo), 149 (photo); ally with Cuban exile community, xl, 152, 211-12; relationship of to American Jews in Cuba, 9; react to Castro, 13-14, 16-17, 211; try rebuilding Jewish Cuba in Miami, xxxviii, 35, 36, 40, 43, 45, 47, 60, 66, 74-75, 77-79, 104, 157-58, 161-63, 190; become "hyphenated," 33-35, 102; consolidated and unhyphenated identity of, 104-5, 145, 156-57, 223, 237-40; relations with Miami Jews, 49, 93, 109-13, 117, 122-25, 215-17, 219; assemble socially, 36-37, 39-40, 44, 50, 53-54, 56-60, 161-64, 190-91; younger generations of, 61, 74-75, 158-59, 162-89, 216-32, 233-34, 236-37; relations between sub-ethnic groups, 36, 69, 74-77, 183-84, 216, 247-48 n. 33; become involved in outside groups, 80, 170-71, 234; role of in politics, 84-87, 195, 211, 257 n. 4; and Mariel, 88-90; attempt to maintain "Cuban-Jewish" character, 36, 93-97, 138, 157-58, 161-64, 218-19, 223-29; show support for Isaac Zelcer, 109-13; portrayed as "ghettoized," 111, 113, 122-23, 183-84, 215; diverse backgrounds of, xxxix-xl, 187, 210, 254 n. 6; position of during WW II, 23; linguistic changes of, 90-91; changing attitudes toward women, 130-31, 134-41; and Zionism, 144-48; multiple roots of, 148, 156-57, 159-60; as an unrecognized cultural group, 161, 233-40; perspectives on interreligious marriage, 182-84, 216; relations with Cuban Gentiles, 184; return to/communication with Cuba, 100-105, 194, 211; became Cuban, 215, 220; experience change in Miami community, 215-30; portrayed as dying community, 226-29. See also Sephardim, Ashkenazim, Jewban, Diaspora, Recent Cuban-Jewish emigrés to Miami, Identity
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act. See Helms-Burton Bill
Cuban Missile Crisis, 97
Cuban Refugee Center. See Cuban Refugee Program
Cuban Refugee Program, 24-25, 31, 38, 244 n. 15
Cuban Resource Center, 83
Cuban Revolution. See Revolution
Cuban Sephardic Hebrew Congregation of Miami, xxxv, xxxviii, 30, 65-66, 69-73, 81, 157, 191, 246-47 n. 22; becomes Temple Moses, 72. See also Torat Moshe
"Cuban Success Story," 171-72, 193
Cuban War of Independence (Spanish-American War): José Martí's role in, xxxii; Jewish participation in, xxxiv-xxxv
La Cueva (Cuban Sephardic Hebrew Con-gregation), 69-73, 79, 81, 247 n. 26
Cultural Relativism, 119
Culture: (re)conceptions of, 237-40
Dade County. See Miami-Dade County
Dade County Public Schools, 24-25
Dade Mental Health Association, 52-53
El Diálogo, 65, 82-87, 97, 248 n. 37, 257 n. 4
Diaspora, 148-49, 152-60, 252-53 n. 6; Cuban, 149-55, 170-71; Jewish, 82, 188; result of historical connection between Jews and migration, 16, 156-57; as part of Cuban-Jewish identity, xxxix, xl, 155-57, 160, 174; and Zionism, 142-48, 160, 174, 176, 188
Dudai, Shimon, 96, 162
Eastern Europe: political, economic, and religious persecution in, 11-12, 16; as a Jewish Diasporic locale, 148
Educational Committee of El Círculo, 47
Egozi, Estella, 53 (photo)
Egozi (Garazi), Esther, 53 (photo)
Entre Nosotros, 109-10, 124
English-Only Movement, 124
Eppelbaum, Sholem, 47
Epstein, Susan, 70, 74, 79, 80, 82, 100-101, 254 n. 16
Falangists: in pre-revolutionary Cuba, 22
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 84
Federation. See Greater Miami Jewish Federation
FESELA. See Sephardic Federation of Latin America
Fishkoff, Sue, 4, 211
Flamingo Park, 43
Friends of the Israeli Defense Forces, 188
Freedom Flights, 5, 196
Freedom Flotilla. See Mariel Boatlift
Freedom Tower, xxxix (photo)
Froien Farein. See Asociación Feminina Hebrea de Cuba
Gambach, Nesim, xxxiii
Garazi, Salomón, 69, 80
García, Cristina, 24-27, 83, 258 n. 4
German Jewish refugees in Cuba, xxxvii
Gerskes, Elisa, 18 (photo)
Gilfarb, Yosele, 60-64, 180, 257 n. 5
GMJF. See Greater Miami Jewish Federation
Gold, Salomón, 109
Greater Miami Jewish Federation (GMJF), 3, 26, 31, 46-47, 49, 65, 161, 196, 244 n. 13; reflects on Jewish Cuban arrival in Miami in publication, 7; involvement in refugee assistance, 4, 7, 23, 25; Cuban/Latin Division of, 49, 123, 219, 257 n. 2; Resettlement Task Force of helps Mariel Jews, 88; 58th Annual Meeting, 109-18, 122, 124, 182; current relationship to Cuban-Jews, 109-13, 123, 164; reaction to recent Cuban-Jewish émigrés, 193
Green, Henry, 5, 91, 114, 124, 255 n. 16, 256 n. 27
Grupo Juvenil, 44, 46, 61, 63
Guanabacoa Cemetery, 56-57, 67
Gusanos: as pejorative term, 17, 83, 185, 255 n. 10
Habif, Moreno, 162-63, 254 n. 4
Hadassah: Cuban, 49; at Torat Moshe, 79, 131
Haiti, 23
Hamla, Susana, 31-33, 69-71, 73, 80, 95, 219, 238, 245 n. 19
Harvey, David, 239-40, 258 n. 5
Hashomer Hatzair, 162 (photo)
Havana Nagila, 194-95, 199, 256-57 n. 3
Hebra Kedusha, 71, 247 n. 28
Hebrew Academy, 78
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), 14, 47, 79; coordinates Cuban-Jewish immigration and resettlement, 6-7, 25, 29, 31, 38-39, 88-89
Heisler, Betty, xix, 124
Helms-Burton Bill, 98-99
Hermon, Ruhama, 115
HIAS. See Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society
Hitler, Adolph, 22; is compared to
Castro, 10
Hochman, David, 214, 223-25, 227-28, 249 n. 48
Holocaust, 10, 116, 248 n. 35
hooks, bell, 156, 158-59, 174, 186, 253 n. 13
Hotels: Allison, 59; Coronet, 59; Di Lido, 45; Fontainebleu, 64, 131-32; Omni, 114
Identity, 158-59, 209-10; Jewish in a Cuban framework, xxxvii, 75, 161, 174, 177; cubanidad, 103, 125-26, 165-66, 169, 171-72, 174-75, 178-79, 184-86, 255 n. 12; of Jewish Cubans/Cuban-Jews in US, xl, 61-64, 103-5, 115, 125, 138, 145-48, 157-60, 161-89, 221-29, 232, 236-40, 256 n. 29; difficulties of expressing "borderlands" identities, 233-40; Cuban and Cuban-American, 100, 150-53, 170-72, 184-85, 187, 256 n. 25; reflected in nominal designations of community, 102-5, 157-58; and machismo, 125-26; Jewish Diasporic, 142-48, 172-74, 176, 179-80, 188; Israeli, 173-80, 186-88; Zionist, 176, 186, 188
Institute for Adult Education (Instituto de Educación Para Adultos), 74-75, 77, 90
Iraq, 64
Israel, 64; Bonds Drive, 29, 46-47, 93, 123; helped by Cuban-Hebrew Congregation, 52-54, 56; helped by Jews in Cuba, 55, 256 n. 28; helped by Torat Moshe, 77-79; helped by Cuban-Jews in Miami, 123, 146, 256 n. 28; Consulate of, 115, 131, 177, 255 n. 13; viewed as a "home," 145-46, 173-80, 188; Law of Return, 173; as realization of Jewish Diaspora, 188. See also Sabra
Izzy, 19-21, 23, 241-42
Jamaica, 23
Jew-Ban/Jewban, 81-82, 96-97, 102, 104-5, 115, 145, 158, 163-64, 180, 223, 238; term first used in community publications, 60, 62-64. See also Cuban-Jews
Jewbano. See Jewban, Cuban-Jews
Jewish community in Miami: reacts to 1960s Jewish Cuban immigrants, 3-7, 23-29, 31, 39-40, 48-49, 93, 103, 123; closely linked with GMJF, 31; involvement with charitable organizations, 47; symbolically unified with Latino Jews, 109-13, 124-25; current relationship of to Cuban-Jews, 123-25, 163-64; supports "English Only" Movement, 124; portrayed as relatively wealthy, 198
Jewish Cubans. See Cuban-Jews
Jewish Defense League, 65
Jewish Generation X (J/X), 96, 223-28, 249 n. 50
Jewish Family and Children's Services, 39
Jewish Floridian, 7, 27
Jewish National Fund, 79
Jewish Solidarity, 248-49 n. 40, 253 n. 11
"Jewish Success Story," 193
Jews in America, 104, 116. See also Jewish community in Miami
Jrade, Moisés, 79, 224-25, 227-28
Juba. See Behar, Ruth
Juban, 103-5, 145. See also Jewban; Behar, Ruth
Jubanidad, 100, 104, 147, 155, 180, 186, 189, 236. See also Jewban; Behar, Ruth
Judezmo, 247 n. 30. See also Ladino
Kahn, Jeffrey, 28-31
Kalusin, Enrique, 68
Kelton, Arón, xxxviii, 37, 55, 65, 88-91, 160
Kemal, Mustapha, 15
Kennedy, John F.: establishes Cuban Refugee Program, 24; responds to Cuban Missile Crisis, 97
Kerbel, Fanny, 96
Kerbel, Marcos, 34, 39, 50, 68-70, 84-86, 96, 142, 245 n. 6, 248 n. 38
Konovitch, Barry, 74, 90-91, 96, 214, 238, 249 n. 47
Kosher (Kashrut), 60, 128, 175, 251 n. 11
Kremen, Bernie, 6, 13, 190
Kultur Farain-Unión Cultural Hebrea, 12
Kupat-Holim Clinic, 56
Lajapo family, 191-99, 204
Lajapo, Jacob, 191-99, 203-6, 208, 211-13, 218
Lajapo, Luisa, 191-93, 197-98, 205
Languages: Arabic, xxxvi; Aramaic, xxxvi; English, xl, 44, 90, 103, 114, 116, 120, 123, 124, 161, 189, 192, 206, 214, 254 n. 1; German, 32; Hebrew, xxxiii-xxxiv, xxxvi, 11, 32, 90, 114, 123, 137, 161, 177, 189, 195, 254 n. 1, 255 n. 17; Ladino, xxxiv, xl, 30, 69, 95, 244 n. 17, 247 n. 30, 255 n. 17; Spanish, xl, 69, 90, 103, 114, 116, 120, 123, 136, 161-62, 167, 172, 177, 179, 188-91, 214, 254 n. 1, 255 n. 17, 256 n. 29; Yiddish, xxxiii-xxxiv, xxxviii, xl, 6, 12, 32-33, 36, 69, 90, 161, 214, 245 n. 20, 254 n. 1
Latino Jews in Miami, 73, 79-81, 109-10, 124-25, 218, 230, 232, 250 n. 8. See also Cuban-Jews
Lebanese Jews in Cuba. See Sephardim
Lerman, Isidoro, 18
Lesnik, Max, 248-49 n. 40
Levine, Robert, 7, 23, 26-27, 31, 159-60, 194-95
Levy, Becky, 134-38, 142, 228, 233-34, 236-37
Levy, Eddie, 248-49 n. 40, 253 n. 11
Levy family, 134-38, 141
Levy, Raúl, 134-35, 196, 206
Levy, Rosa, 89-90, 134-38, 196, 202-6, 211-13
Levy, Victoria, 134-37
Levy, Xiomara, 248-49 n. 40, 253 n. 11
Liebman, Seymour, 4, 23-24, 26
López, Kathy, 251 n. 12, 251 n. 15
Losger, Damien, 102, 190, 210, 220-23, 228, 230, 236-38, 257 n. 4
Losger, Elena, 183, 215-17
Losger, Rafael, 5, 13-14, 85-86, 89, 183, 215-20, 229, 232, 249 n. 44
Macabi (Torat Moshe), 71, 77-79; in Cuba, 179, 228
Machismo, 119-20, 122, 125, 134-35; among Sephardim, 130. See also Traditional Gender Relationships
Magen David, 56, 245 n. 21
Mankekar, Purnima, 160
"María Model," 134, 251 n. 17
Mariel Boatlift, 82, 87-90, 97, 134, 150, 166, 196, 206, 257 n. 5
Marranos, xxxvi. See also Crypto-Jews
Martí, José: lionized by Cuban Jews, xxxi-xxxiv (photo), 149 (photo); invoked by Fidel Castro, 8
Matterin, Abraham, xxxiii
Maya, Gershon, 70
Maya, Nissim, 70
Mediterranean: as a Jewish Diasporic locale, 148
Melarmed, Meir Matzliah, xxxv-xxxvii, xxxix, 15-16, 30-31, 33, 66-67, 87, 89, 108 (illus. by), 247 n. 23, 249 n. 41
Menda, Ezra, 69
Mercantile National Bank, 44
Miami: segregation in, 235; inter-ethnic relations in, 235, 258 n. 4
Miami Beach. See Miami neighborhoods
Miami Beach Police, 65
Miami-Dade County: Ethnic populations of, 235
Miami Herald, 24, 166
Miami neighborhoods: Coral Gables, 34; Hialeah, 164, 235; Homestead, 235; Kendall, 120, 206-7, 250 n. 4; Liberty City, 235; Little Haiti, 235; Little Havana, 34, 37, 117, 120-21, 142, 172, 186, 235; Little Managüa, 235; Miami Beach, 19, 34, 91, 120, 142, 186, 198, 202, 208, 250 n. 4, 250 n. 7; Opa Locka, 199, 201; Overtown, 235; Sagüesera, 164, 186, 254 n. 8; South Miami, 120, 250 n. 4
Miami News, 24
Mizrahi, Judith, 32, 139-40
Motola, Isaac, 129, 233-34, 236-37
Mount Sinai Cemetery, 56, 71
Muñoz, José, 151
Mussolini, Benito: is compared to Castro, 10
Nahmias, Sadi, 30
Nancy, Jean Luc, 156-58, 187
National Anthems: of the United States, 116; of Israel, 116
National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), 31, 37-38, 244 n. 6, 244 n. 15, 245 n. 3, 245 n. 4, 245 n. 5, 246 n. 12; spearheads Cuban Refugee Project, 25, 38; offers New Americans Program, 38
National Federation of Conservative Judaism, 3
NCJW. See National Council of Jewish Women
New Americans Program. See National Council of Jewish Women
New York Association for New Americans, Inc. (NYANA), 6
Newsweek, 24
Normandy Isle, 73-74, 247-48 n. 33
El Nuevo Jewban, 51, 63, 96, 105
NYANA. See New York Association for New Americans, Inc.
Oifgang, 13
Opa Locka Airport, 4, 52-53 (photo)
Operation Peter Pan, 38-39
Ottoman Empire: and nationalist revolutionary ideology, 14; Jewish discomfort with political, economic, and religious persecution in, 14-16
Papir, Pincho, 162
Patronato de la Casa de la Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba, xxxvii-xxxviii, 44-45, 50-52, 51 (photo), 66, 68, 75, 86-87, 157, 195, 219, 245 n. 8, 246 n. 14, 249 n. 43
Peres, Nelly, 33
Pérez Firmat, Gustavo, xl, 61, 250-51 n. 9
Pitchón, Marco, xxxiii
Polacos, xxxiv, 8, 37, 75, 103, 135, 243 n. 1, 245 n. 2
Portero, René, 43
Postmodern ethnography, 239-40
Pro-Building Committee (Comité Pro-Edificio), 72
Queen Esther Beauty Pageants: at Cuban-Hebrew Congregation, 52-54, 64; at Torat Moshe, 78-79
Rabbinical Association of Greater Miami, 27, 65, 116
Ralvey, Albert, 74, 128, 196, 250 n. 3; and the GMJF Meeting, 113-20, 250 n. 5; at Café Versailles, 120-22; perspectives on gender roles, 125-26, 128, 133-34, 140; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish identity, 161, 164-69, 172-89, 222, 255 n. 20, 256 n. 23; perspectives on recent Cuban-Jewish immigration, 202-3, 212-13; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish community's future, 227-28
Ralvey, Alberto, 36, 149, 203, 254 n. 2; and the GMJF Meeting, 115, 117-18; at Café Versailles, 122; perspectives on gender roles, 125-26; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish identity, 161, 165-72, 177-81, 183-88, 255 n. 9, 255 n. 20; immigration story of, 196
Ralvey, Esther: and the GMJF Meeting, 111-14, 116-18, 124; perspectives on gender roles, 125-26, 133; perspectives on Diaspora, 160; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish identity, 164-65, 169-70, 179, 255 n. 20
Ralvey family, 196; and the GMJF Meeting, 114-17; at Café Versailles, 120-22; perspectives on gender roles, 126; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish identity, 164-89, 254 n. 6, 255 n. 21; immigration story of, 257 n. 6
Reagan, Ronald, 97, 250 n. 1
Recent Cuban-Jewish emigrés to Miami, xl-xli, 257 n. 5; lives of in Cuba, 191-92, 198, 200, 203-4, 208, 212; difficulties faced in US, 192-94, 197-99, 201-9, 211-13; effects of on Miami's Cuban-Jewish community, 194-95, 197, 199, 211-12; relations with Miami's Cuban-Jewish community, 201-13; questions asked before emigrating, 211
Recreational and Cultural Committee (Comité de Recreo y Cultura), 72
Reina Esther Beauty Pageants. See Queen Esther Beauty Pageants
Replica Magazine, 248-49 n. 40
Revolution: Cuban, xxxvii-xxxviii, xl, 8-10, 13-14, 25, 153-54, 203, 208, 212, 252 n. 5; Russian (Bolshevik), xxxvi, 10-11
Reyler, Félix, 5, 10, 17, 34, 39, 43-45, 47, 68, 81, 123, 245 n. 7
Rosichan, Arthur, 26-27
Rozencwaig, Ana, 56, 246 n. 17
Rozencwaig, Dow, 13, 46-47, 55-56, 61, 69, 74, 90-91, 245 n. 9
Ruder, Ofelia, 102
Sabra, 175, 255 n. 15
Samopla, Berta, 206-9, 211-13
Sapir, Boris, 22
Semana Sefaradí, 80
Sephardic Congregation of Florida. See Torat Moshe
Sephardic Federation of Latin America (FESELA), 79-80
Sephardic Jewish Center, 78; antagonizes Cuban Sephardim, 4, 29-31, 33, 70
Sephardim, xxxiv, 108 (illus.); migrate to Cuba, xxxv-xxxvi, 11, 15-16, 67; react to Castro, 14-16; Cuban, xxxiv-xxxv, 29-33; as poorer than Ashkenazim, 68, 244 n. 16; struggle to prove Jewish identity to Ashkenazim, 32; relations with Ashkenazim, 37-38, 68-69, 93, 188, 216; maintain multiple synagogue memberships, 66; differences with Ashkenazim, 36-37; try to maintain roots, 70, 73, 80-81; settle in North Beach/Normandy Isle, 73-74; emphasize social and service activities, 70-72, 78-79; emphasize Traditional Sephardic Practice, 70, 74, 247 n. 29; traditional gender relationships of, 127-41; Syrian, xxxiv, 67-68; Lebanese, xxxiv; language of, 177, 255 n. 17. See also turcos, Cuban-Jews, Torat Moshe, semana sefaradí
Sexism, 119-20, 125, 250 n. 5. See also Machismo and Traditional Gender Relationships
Shalita, Bakshi Doron, 95
Shalper, Miriam, 91
Sheskin, Ira, 235
Silverstein, Raquel Egozi, 53 (photo)
Simazi, Eva, 6, 9, 14, 16, 26-27, 57, 63, 78-79, 84, 93, 101-2, 182; and the GMJF Meeting, 110-13, 116, 124; perspectives on gender roles, 127-34, 140, 251 n. 11; perspectives on Diaspora, 159, 252-53 n. 6, 254 n. 18; perspectives on Cuban-Jewish community's future, 225-26, 232
Simazi, José, 130
Simazi, Lily, 132
Sisterhood: of El Círculo, 54-56, 72, 246 n. 18; of Cuban Sephardic Congregation (Damas de Buena Voluntad), 71, 79, 131
Sklar, Oscar, 50
Skop, Emily, 235
Socialism, xl-xli, 34; Jewish relation to in Cuba, 9-10, 13-14; socialist rhetoric of Castro, 8-9; of Cuban people, 166, 169, 194-95, 203-6, 256-57 n. 3; embraced by some polacos, 12; collapses in Eastern Europe, 250 n. 1
South Florida: as largest Cuban exile center in world, xxxviii; reacts to Cuban exiles, 24-29, 87-88; experiences "English Only" Movement and "white flight," 124.
See also Miami
Spanish-American War. See Cuban War of Independence
Spanish Inquisition of 1492, xxxiv, 80-81, 248 n. 35. See also Sephardim
Special Period (in Cuba), 99, 151, 153, 250 n. 1
Sunday School: at El Círculo, 47-48, 56, 71, 246 n. 13; at Cuban Sephardic Congregation, 71, 77-78
Syrian Jews in Cuba. See Sephardim
Szuchman, Mark, 159-60
Taino Indians, 244 n. 9
Tanan Marisa, 4
Temple Beth Shmuel. See Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami
Temple Menorah, 2 (photo), 37, 70-71, 78, 257 n. 4; as a site of Ashkenazic identification, 29; and Cuban Sephardim, 31-32, 245 n. 19; welcomes Jewish Cuban exiles, 3-5, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 243 n. 2, 244 n. 4; as part of Cuban-Jewish community, 96; as representative of Latino Jews, 124; participates in J/X, 223-28
Temple Moses. See Torat Moshe
Temple Ner Tamid, 46, 246 n. 10
Theodore Herzl School, 67
Tirani, Enrique, 199-203
Tirani, Luis, 199-203, 213
Torat Moshe, 2 (photo), 37, 66, 69-82, 92 (photo), 145 (photo), 186, 198, 201, 212, 229, 232, 233, 238, 245 n. 1, 257 n. 4; as a continuation of synagogues in Cuba, 66, 75, 77-79; gets multi-national membership, 73, 190-91, 254 n. 5; ideological designation of, 74, 136; relationship of to Cuban-Hebrew Congregation, 74-77, 81, 93, 96-97; festivals and events, 78-81; international focus of, 79-81, 94-95, 219; focuses on development, 81-82; perpetuates cubanidad, 95-96, 219; adopts current name, 95; reaches out to youth, 95-96, 224-25; language of, 249 n. 51, 254 n. 1; promotes Isaac Zelcer reception, 112; as representative of Latino Jews, 124; structure of prayer rooms, 251 n. 10; participates in J/X, 223-28; portrayed as dying community, 226-27; Rincón del Recuerdo of, 228-29
Torres, Luis de, xxxv-xxxvi
Torres, María de los Angeles, 153-55, 166, 172
Torricelli Bill, 97-98
Trading With the Enemy Act, 97-99
Traditional Gender Relationships: and my discomfort with, 118-20, 122; in Cuban, Jewish, and Miami culture, 122, 126-28 (photos), 131, 134, 138, 250-51 n. 9, 252 n. 19; of Sephardim, 127-38; experiences of different generations with, 130-41, 251 n. 16, 251, n. 17; of Chinese Cubans, 251 n.12; of Ashkenazim, 129-30, 135, 138-41
Tropicana, Carmelita, 150-53, 186, 253 n. 8
Troyano, Alina. See Tropicana, Carmelita
Turcos, xxxiv, 8, 75, 103, 130, 135, 243 n. 1, 245 n. 2
Turkey: emigration from to Cuba, 67. See also Ottoman Empire
Tzedakah, 47, 54-56, 246 n. 11, 246 n. 18
Uncomfortable ethnography, 113-22, 125, 134, 182
Unión Hebrea Chevet Ahim. See Chevet Ahim
Unión Liberal Cubana, 184, 256 n. 24
United Hebrew Congregation, xxxv, 67-68, 247 n. 24
United Jewish Appeal (UJA), 47, 93, 123, 131
United States: as a goal for Jewish immigrants, xxxvi, 160; 1924 Immigration and Naturalization Act, xxxvi; citizens of react to 1960s Cuban exodus, 23-29; welcomes Cuban refugees, xxxviii, 27; as a temporary safe haven from Cuban Revolution, 17, 48; as a home for Jewish Cubans, xxxviii, 43, 100-105, 179; foreign policy toward Cuba, xxxv, 97-100, 154, 194-95, 250 n. 1; as a Jewish Diasporic locale, 148, 160; as "the successful Cuba," 154; legacy of racism in, 171
United Synagogue Youth (USY), 3
University of Miami, 25, 80, 95
Vainstein, Abraham, xxxi-xxxiii, xxxvii
Washington Federal Saving and Loan Association, 28, 44-46, 60
Wenguer, Tete, 52-54
White, Oscar, 17, 48, 68, 244 n. 11
Winer, Reinaldo, 96-97
WIZO. See Women's International Zionist Organization
Women's Committee (Torat Moshe), 131-32, 225, 238
Women's International Zionist Organization, 47, 55, 79, 131, 230
World Jewish Congress, 50, 246 n. 15
World War II, 46
Yahrzeit, 30
Yavne Hebrew School, 246 n. 13
Yeshiva, 233, 257 n. 2
Young Men's Hebrew Association, 48
Zelcer, Isaac, 109-13, 116-17, 122, 161
Zionism: attacked by Bolsheviks, 11; Albert Ralvey's connection to, 116, 175-80, 186, 188; Cuban-Jewish connection to, 116, 187-88, 256 n. 28; and Jewish Diaspora, 142-48, 160, 176, 180, 188; definition of, 256 n. 27
Acknowledgments
[Names appearing in the acknowledgments (see complete acknowledgments, below):]
Abramowitz, Rabbi Mayer
Ackerman, Holly
Baloyra, Enrique
Becker, Alina
Behar, Estrella
Behar, Ruth
Bejarano, Margalit
Benes, Bernardo
Bettinger-López, Sean
Boswell, Thomas
Brenner, Naomi
Bryant, Mavis
Capote, María
Castro, Max
Clark, Juan
Czapanskiy, Cecily
Díaz, Ileana
Elkin, Judith
Emert, Aaron
Espinosa, Juan Carlos
Farr, Myra
Gitelman, Zvi
Green, Henry
Habif, Moreno
Haffner, Jeanne
Harrison, Joyce
Heisler-Samuels, Betty
Hochman, David
Ivester, Stan
Jansonius, Remko
Jrade, Moisés
Kelton, Arón
Kelton, Lucía
Kerbel, Marcos
Kleiman, Ines
Kremen, Bernie
Kugelmass, Jack
Lehrer, Erica
Levine, Robert
López, Kathy
Margolis, Paul
Monroe, Gary
Motola, Isaac
Mueggler, Erik
Papir, Pincho
Pérez, Lisandro
Quintero, Viviana
Ruder, Ofelia
Safran, June
Sheskin, Ira
Stephens, Sharon
Strongson, Lisa
Young, Ginger
Yudowitz, Sharon
Zerivitz, Marcia]
[The complete acknowledgments for this book appear below.]
Ethnographies are always produced jointly. While I take full responsibility for the final product that is this book, I would like to acknowledge those who have assisted in my process of thinking and writing.
This book began in a small seminar room in the Titiev Library at the University of Michigan. Through Sharon Stephens and her illuminating course on postmodern anthropology, I became increasingly interested in the concept of identity in the "borderlands" between ethnic groups–specifically, the borderlands in Miami, my hometown.
I would like to thank the following people for helping me develop my ideas about the Cuban, Jewish, and Cuban-Jewish communities in Miami in the early stages of my writing: Juan Clark at Miami Dade Community College; Max Castro at the University of Miami North/South Center; and Holly Ackerman, Enrique Baloyra, Thomas Boswell, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Robert Levine, and Ira Sheskin at the University of Miami. Special thanks go to Henry Green at the University of Miami's Judaic Studies Program, who provided rich and detailed insight and references on Jewish history and culture. His intimate knowledge of Miami's Cuban-Jewish community helped me approach many issues with a new perspective.
This book would not have been possible without the assistance of many wonderful people and the archives they maintain. Librarians in the Miami-Dade Public Library's Florida Room provided generous assistance in locating newspaper articles on Miami's Cuban-Jewish community. Remko Jansonius, Ginger Young, Marcia Zerivitz, and others at the Ziff Jewish Museum of Florida in Miami Beach offered great enthusiasm for, and assistance with, my research, allowing me time and again to comb through that museum's fascinating archives. Sharon Yudowitz at the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) in Miami Beach assisted me greatly in locating NCJW bulletins from the 1960s. Betty Heisler-Samuels, editor of Entre Nosotros, furnished me with numerous back issues of her magazine, along with fascinating insights into the Cuban-Jewish community. The University of Michigan's Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library was another important resource. Ines Kleiman, Estrella Behar, and others at Torat Moshe generously supplied synagogue bulletins, magazines, historical documents, and wholehearted support for my research. Ofelia Ruder at the Cuban-Hebrew Congregation was a constant source of illumination in this book's development; she provided abundant archival material concerning the Cuban-Jewish community's past and meticulously recounted historical events as if they had happened yesterday. She is a constant reminder of the value of preserving history for future generations.
Two long-time Miamians offered their valuable perspectives on Miami's development and the Cuban-Jewish experience. Thanks to Rabbi Mayer Abramowitz, who spoke candidly of Cuban-Jewish history in Miami and of his role in the community's development; and to Myra Farr, who discussed the changing face of Miami Beach throughout this century and NCJW's role in Cuban Jewish affairs since the 1920s. Also offering generous assistance were Sunny Map Corporation and the Miami Beach Community Development Corporation. Their detailed maps of Greater Miami and the Beaches helped me better understand and visualize the areas about which I write in this book.
For information regarding contemporary Jewish life in Cuba, I turned to Paul Margolis of the Jewish Communication Network, June Safran of the Cuba-America Jewish Mission, and Gary Monroe of DeLand Community College, all of whom thoughtfully shared anecdotes, impressions, and experiences with me. Margalit Bejarano at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Ruth Behar at the University of Michigan generously shared their extensive research on Cuban-Jewish communities in Cuba and Miami.
Gary Monroe's refreshing insight on the Jewish communities of Cuba and Miami Beach helped me to better contextualize my research. His vivid photographs capture, for me, the essence of Jewish Miami Beach in the 1970s and 1980s.
Although I speak Spanish, I am not a native speaker; nor am I entirely fluent in the language. Although I read Hebrew, I have little knowledge of the meanings of Hebrew words. I therefore needed assistance with Spanish and Hebrew translations at several points in my research. Ruth Behar, María Capote, Ileana Díaz, Viviana Quintero, and Ofelia Ruder generously commented on my Spanish translations and offered valuable interpretations of my work. Naomi Brenner and Henry Green provided detailed translations from Hebrew, as well as essential background information on Jewish customs. Oftentimes there were several possible translations for a particular set of words. I chose the reading that made the most sense contextually, so any mistakes are my responsibility entirely.
As this book took shape in Ann Arbor, I received generous assistance from a number of people at the University of Michigan. Zvi Gitelman not only allowed me to sit in on his engaging course on Eastern European Jewry, but also answered all my questions on the subject, always with a smile. Judith Elkin's vast library was extremely helpful for my archival work, and our lively discussions of Latin American Jewry helped me contextualize much of Cuban-Jewish history. Erica Lehrer and Viviana Quintero provided encouragement and guidance in my consideration of Jewish and Latino identity issues. The Honors Program at the University of Michigan provided funding to help cover the costs of my travel and research.
Two people at the University of Michigan deserve special thanks. Ruth Behar's hours of patient listening, refreshing insights, and critical commentary truly enhanced my thinking about the Cuban-Jewish community and the larger issues surrounding anthropological methods and ethnographic writing. As both my advisor and an "insider" in the community, she never failed to augment my "outsider" perspective, guiding me on new and exciting paths previously hidden from view. As I discuss in the text, I was greatly influenced by her theoretical views concerning the importance of merging personal experience with ethnographic research. Erik Mueggler's constant support kept me going when writing seemed an insurmountable task. Providing keen insight into my research, he gave me both practical and theoretical direction.
I am deeply grateful to the wonderful people from Miami's Cuban-Jewish community whom I have been privileged to get to know over the past several years. The following people generously shared their personal and community histories with me: Alina Becker, Estrella Behar, Bernardo Benes, Moreno Habif, Betty Heisler-Samuels, David Hochman, Moisés Jrade, Arón Kelton, Lucía Kelton, Marcos Kerbel, Bernie Kremen, Isaac Motola, Pincho Papir, Ofelia Ruder, and the people identified by the following pseudonyms in the text: Benjamín Cohen, Susana Hamla, Jacob Lajapo, Luisa Lajapo, Becky Levy, Raul Levy, Rosa Levy, Vicky Levy, Damien Losger, Elena Losger, Rafael Losger, Nelly Peres, Albert Ralvey, Alberto Ralvey, Esther Ralvey, Berta Samopla, Miriam Shalper, Eva Simazi, Marisa Tanan, Enrique Tirani, and Luis Tirani. These people never failed to encourage me in my research, providing me with the stories upon which this book is based. Always with smiles, they welcomed me into their homes and offices, sharing personal information with a total stranger. Their trust and openness allowed this book to materialize.
I am also grateful to Joyce Harrison and Stan Ivester of the University of Tennessee Press for their enthusiasm and faith. Lisandro Pérez at Florida International University and Jack Kugelmass at Arizona State University brought to their readings of my initial manuscript deep knowledge of issues concerning Cuban and Jewish identity. Mavis Bryant's editorial suggestions helped the flow and substance of my writing.
I cannot thank my family and friends enough for their kind patience and encouragement throughout my writing process. This has been of utmost importance to me, allowing me to retain a sense of balance in my life and my writing. I am deeply grateful to Ruth Bettinger, who served as my alter ego in Miami, conducting mini-interviews, taking photographs, proofreading manuscript drafts, and faithfully clipping newspaper articles on Cuban and Jewish affairs. I am also indebted to Kathy López for her thoughtful commentary on the substance and form of my work. She maintained a sensitive approach while applying the highest standards of intellectual rigor. The result was a nuanced, invaluable reading. Thanks also to Jeanne Haffner and Cecily Czapanskiy for going through this project with me every step of the way. Of course, thanks to Phish, Lap, Tiger, Tammi, and Toonces for their loving support.
The faith, determination, and candor of my husband, Sean Bettinger-López, always amazes me. Sean never failed to provide detailed critical commentaries on my writing, while exploring new ideas and avenues of expression. With his keen sense of language, he helped sharpen my arguments and clarify abstruse passages. Perhaps most important, he remained flexible, supportive, and empathic throughout this consuming project.
I write this book in memory of two people who changed my life. Sharon Stephens's talent and devotion as a teacher inspired me to study anthropology. I cannot convey adequately what her encouragement and compassion have meant to me and to countless others whose lives she touched.
Lisa Strongson always symbolized for me independence and freedom of thought. She flew where her delicate heart led her, as she dodged life's obstacles with vision and wit. Her idealism allowed her to achieve her dream just years after graduating college, a feat so few people ever achieve in their lifetimes. Her fierce spirit lives on in those of us who are also dreamers.
My great-uncle, Aaron Emert, has been a true inspiration in my life. For me, Aaron is the paragon of a mensh, always thinking of the global village before he considers his individual household. He is a constant source of energy and vitality, qualities he derives from his unceasing passion for life. I dedicate this book to him, for he has taught me perhaps the most important lesson in life: that I must listen in order to understand.
[Material is printed herein with permission of the author.]
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